Deepawali or Diwali is one of the many Indian festivals celebrated on the Amavasya Tithi of Kartik Krishna Paksha month
Bharatvarsha is the land of festivals. Deepawali or Diwali is one of them, which is celebrated on the Amavasya Tithi of Kartik Krishna Paksha month. The Shanti Mantra from Brihadaranyaka Upnishad “Tamso Ma Jyotirgamya” i.e. “Lead me from darkness to light” reveals its spiritual spirit.
Deepawali is a 5-day long festival, which starts from Dhanteras and ends on Bhaiya Dooj. Deepawali is mentioned in Padma Puran and Skand Puran. It is composed of two Sanskrit words “Deep” i.e. light or candle and meaning that which glows, illuminates or knowledge and “Awali” i.e. rows or series. Thus Deepawali means “Rows of Lights” or “Festival of Lights”.
The first day, Dhanvantari Trayodashi or Dhanteras is celebrated to commemorate the arrival of Devi Lakshmi from Kshir Sagar (Ocean) during the Samudra Manthan (churning of the cosmic ocean of milk) by the Devtas and Asuras to receive the Amrit (nector). On this day, Bhagwan Dhanvantari also came out of the ocean with Ayurved for mankind. Bhagwan Kuber, the lord of wealth is also worshipped. Shopping for new items on this day is considered auspicious.
Chhoti Diwali, also termed as Narak Chaturdashi or Roop Chaudash, is the second day of the festival. It is celebrated because Bhagwan Krishna and his wife Satyabhama had killed demon king Narkasur of Pragjyotish and released nearly 16000 girls from demon’s captivity. It is also believed that Devi Kali had made Narkasur disappear.
On the third day, the main Diwali is celebrated with great enthusiasm all over the world by lighting Deeyas (lamps) and bursting crackers. Devi Lakshmi and Bhagwan Ganesh are worshiped together to achieve the blessing of wealth & prosperity. Bhagwan Kuber is also worshiped by the devotees on this auspicious day.
According to mythology, once Devi Lakshmi was proud of herself that the whole world worships her and yearns to get her. Bhagwan Vishnu understood this feeling of his conscience and with the aim of breaking Lakshmi's pride, he said that “Devi, even though the whole universe yearns to have you, you are not yet complete”. Lakshmiji narrated her woes to her Sakhi (friend) Parvatiji and asked her to adopt Ganesh, one of her two sons. Lakshmiji adopted Ganesh with the consent of Parvatiji and since then Ganesh was came to be called the adopted son of Devi Lakshmi. Being very pleased Devi Lakshmi gave a boon to Ganesh that “I will fulfill the wishes of the devotees only whenthey will worship you along with me”. For this reason, there is a Vidhan (law) to worship Ganesh along with Lakshmi in Diwali.
There are several beliefs behind this festival. In Treta Yug, Raja Ramchandra along with Sita, Lakshman & Hanuman returned to Ayodhya from Lanka on this day after victory over Ravan and people celebrated the occasion by lighting Deeyas and decorating Rangolis. On this auspicious day the Nirvan Diwas of Bhagwan Mahavir, 24th Tirthankar of Jain, is observed by the followers of Jainism. The Sikh community celebrates this day to mark the release of Guru Hargovind ji Maharaj from Mugal prison and his arrival at the Holy Swarnmandir, Amritsar.
The fourth day is the Govardhan Puja or Padwa. Bhagwan Krishna had lifted the Govardhan parvat and held it up to protect the people and cattle from the rain & thunder produced by the angry Indra. When Indra conceded defeat, the people of Brajbhoomistarted performing the Govardhan Puja on the request of Krishna.
Bhatri-Dwitiya or Bhaiya Dooj or Bhai Teeka or Yam-Dwitiya is the fifth and last day of Diwali. This day is dedicated to sisters. Yamraj (the lord of death) had visited his sister Yamuna on this day and gave her a Vardan (boon) that whoever visits his sister on this day will be liberated from all sins and will achieve Moksha or final emancipation. As per another belief, Krishna had visited his sister Subhadra after defeating Narakasur, who welcomed him with a tilak on his forehead.
The festival of Deepawali not only has religious or spiritual significance, but it also has scientific importance. The clay Deeyas with oil and cotton wick are eco-friendly and do not leave any harmful residue. During monsoon, the air is moist and full of bacteria & fungus. The heat generated from the Deeya destroys the bacteria, insects, fungus and thus cleans the air. The magnesium present in the Deeya’s oil reacts with harmful Sulphur and Carbon Dio-oxide present in the air to form Sulphate and Carbonates and purify the environment.
The Panch Tatwa (five elements of the universe) - Kshiti (Earth), Jal (Water), Pawak (Fire), Gagan (Sky) and Sameer (Air)- is represented by the Deeya. The Earth element is represented by the clay Deeya, oil & cotton wick. Water is produced during the combustion of oil. Fire is represented by the light generated, Sky by the light around the flame, and Air by the oxygen diffused to the wick.
Deepawali symbolises the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, knowledge over ignorance and hope over despair. It is the season of celebration and there is joy, light and happiness everywhere around us. It illuminates the houses as well as hearts and spread the message of global friendship and togetherness.
Er. Prabhat Kishore
Technocrat and academician