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Introduction: Nagaland, having a total land area of 16,579 sq km, is one of the hill States located in the extreme north-eastern part of India with mountainous terrain richly endowed with natural resources. Nagaland is predominantly an agrarian State with 70% of its population engaged and dependent on agriculture. The State is mostly mountainous, and has all the agro climatic condition i.e., temperate, sub-temperate and sub tropical, which enables production of different types of crops. Traditional jhum/shifting cultivation is being practised in the State due to topographical terrain where mixed cropping pattern is practised incorporating cereals, pulses, oilseeds, tuber crops, condiments and spices using local cultivars which are organic in nature. The larger area under WTRC/TRC falls in the foothills of the State.
Nagaland economy is mainly dependent on agriculture. Organic farming can play an important role in improving productivity and have a huge potential in Nagaland.
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasises the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomical, biological, and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific function within the system.
Some of the organic inputs used in organic and integrated farming include, farm yard manure (FYM), compost, poultry manures, biogas slurry, animal droppings, crop residue management, oil cakes, sewage and sludges, vermicompost, green manuring crops, biofertilizers (rhizobium, azotobacter, azospirillum, BGA, PSM,) and different formulations of bio pesticides.
Prospects of Organic Farming
Nagaland has a population of 19,78,502 (2011 Census) and the per capita GDP is 133849 (Nagaland Statistical Handbook, 2021). The average rainfall is between 175cm and 250 cm. The state produces various kinds of crops like cereals and millets, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes etc. and many other high-value horticultural and plantation crops. The traditional agriculture system in the state is organic by default with farmers using traditional wisdom for crop production and conservation of bio diversity. As per the information available, about 13,500 hectares in 241 villages, covering 13,500 farmers, are involved in organic farming.
In Nagaland, we have abundant organic resources like crop residue, water, forest litter, livestock, etc., which is very important for organic farming. Organic certification has already been taken up by the concerned state department and it is believed that more areas will be covered for organic farming.
[bsa_pro_ad_space id=1] [bsa_pro_ad_space id=1]The Naga King Chilli, the hottest chilli in the world, received Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2008, while the “Naga Pineapple” was the first crop to be branded from the Northeast India owing to its distinctive flavour and High Total Soluble Solids (TSS) ranging from 16.5 to 18%. Large cardamom, tea and coffee plantation is also gaining momentum. Various central schemes like National Project on Organic farming (NPOF), Mission Organic Value Chain Development for NER (MOVCD-NER), International Competence Centre for Organic Farming (ICCOA), Bangalore etc., have been introduced in the state for promoting organic farming.
Based on above facts, we can say that Nagaland has good prospects in organic farming as it has a vast virgin land which can be utilised for production of different crops. The agro-climatic condition prevailing in the state is also conducive for growing different crops like kiwi and apple at high altitude, other fruit and crops at mid and low altitude. Moreover, the agriculture system is self-sustaining with a good number of farmers ready to adopt organic farming practices. The hilly terrain receives very high rainfall (2000 mm to 11000 mm per annum), and thus results in abundant biomass including weeds, shrubs and herbs, as a large part of the area falls under pastures, forests, wastelands etc.
Challenges for Promotion of Organic Farming in Nagaland
i. Most of the villages are in remote areas and the farmers do not get easy access to advanced technologies, transportation, market etc., and crops are not grown in cluster.
ii. Availability of organic inputs on time and in required quantity is needed for the farmers
iii. Nagaland does not have proper marketing, distribution network and price policy for organic inputs, though initiatives have been taken up recently.
iv. Infrastructure facilities for undertaking organic farming in the state are lacking and there are very few agencies/NGOs for accreditation and promotion of this farming practice.
v. Lot of technical knowledge regarding organic farming needs to be communicated to farming communities through training and demonstration.
vi. Financial institution for promoting organic farming is lacking and there is a need for more support from the government.
vii. Promotion of organic farming for export as well as for domestic consumption needs appropriate agriculture policy of India and guidance.
Conclusion
As mentioned, Nagaland has a vast scope for utilisation of the available land under organic cultivation. High-value crops, which fetch premium price in the market, can be grown. Adoption of integrated farming models can help maintain the soil and get better returns over a period of time. The government-run programmes can play a pivotal role in increasing the area and adoption of new technologies in conjunction with organic farming techniques. The issues faced the farmers like supply of inputs, funds, infrastructure, cold storage, marketing etc., need to be addressed to ensure continuity, and so that the state can lead in organic farming-based products which will indirectly help in improving socio-economic status of the farming community.
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Chaurasia
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Zunheboto
Nagaland University