India is celebrating its 80th Independence Day amid debates on several issues like Vande Mataram, Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), Forest Rights Act, 2006, etc.
It is difficult to imagine that India is celebrating its 80th Independence Day. Almost eight decades after the lowering of the Union Jack and the raising of the Indian tricolor, India has every reason to celebrate its extraordinary journey. We have built institutions, expanded our economy, advanced in science and technology, strengthened our democratic processes and emerged as an influential nation in the world.
Yet, alongside celebration, there must also be a moment of honest reflection. What does independence mean when large sections of our citizens continue to experience the presence of the State more as an instrument of control than as an assurance of freedom?
It is difficult to celebrate years of Independence when thousands of security personnel remain deployed in the Northeast, particularly in Manipur and Nagaland, ostensibly to maintain peace. Peace is undoubtedly necessary, but we must ask why political dialogue, reconciliation and justice have not been strong enough to make prolonged dependence on force unnecessary. A nation cannot measure its success merely by the absence of open warfare. True peace requires trust between the people and the State.
It is also difficult to speak of freedom when citizens feel compelled to demonstrate patriotism in prescribed ways, including expectations surrounding the singing of Vande Mataram. Patriotism has value, and national symbols deserve respect. But patriotism is most meaningful when it is voluntary. A citizen should be free to love the nation without being compelled to express that love in one particular form. In a plural democracy, loyalty to the nation and fidelity to one's faith and conscience need not be enemies.
It is equally difficult to celebrate freedom when legislation and regulatory mechanisms are perceived as threatening civil society institutions that have spent decades building the nation from below. The continuing debate over the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) raises important questions about the relationship between the State and voluntary organizations, churches, charities and other institutions working among the poor, vulnerable and marginalized.
Civil society organisations are not necessarily adversaries of the State. Many are nation-builders. They educate children, operate hospitals, respond to disasters, empower women, care for vulnerable communities and reach places where government institutions cannot always reach. Regulation is legitimate and accountability is essential. But regulation must never become a means of silencing independent voices or weakening institutions that contribute to the common good.
India’s democratic maturity must also be measured by how it addresses the aspirations of the people in Naga-inhabited areas. Prolonged militarisation and competing claims over the political future cannot be the permanent condition of a people. Peacekeeping cannot become a substitute for peace-making. The Naga political question has existed for generations. If India is confident in the strength of its democracy, it should have the courage to address political aspirations through meaningful dialogue rather than allowing uncertainty and militarization to continue indefinitely.
The same concern arises regarding indigenous communities and their relationship with land and forests. The Forest Rights Act, 2006, was intended to recognise and secure the rights of forest-dwelling communities. Yet whenever indigenous peoples fear that their traditional relationship with land and forests is being weakened by regulatory mechanisms, questions of justice and constitutional protection naturally arise.
For indigenous peoples, land is not simply a commodity. Land is ancestry, identity, livelihood, culture and belonging. Development that disregards these dimensions may be economically measurable but socially and morally impoverished.
It is also difficult to celebrate freedom when borders and fences separate communities whose social, cultural and familial relationships existed long before modern political boundaries. Measures concerning the Free Movement Regime (FMR) and border management may be justified by concerns of security and sovereignty. But security policies must also recognize the human reality of communities whose relatives, traditions and economic relationships cross borders. A fence may secure a boundary; it cannot erase kinship.
India's approach to the Northeast has sometimes appeared to oscillate between the carrot and the stick—dialogue on one hand and coercive measures on the other. Governments engage in negotiations while security operations, ceasefires and political assurances coexist in a complicated landscape. After decades of such an approach, India must ask a deeper question:
Are we managing conflicts, or are we actually resolving them?
A mature democracy should not be afraid of difficult questions. Perhaps even more troubling is the ease with which citizens are given labels. The Christian becomes an “anti-conversion” suspect. The Muslim becomes associated with “cow slaughter.” The secularist is branded “anti-national.” The dissenter becomes an enemy of the State. The critic becomes an adversary. Even the patriot is sometimes expected to prove his patriotism repeatedly.
Yet when violence is committed in the name of protecting the cow, when vigilante groups take the law into their own hands, or when aggressive nationalism silences legitimate disagreement, the same moral vocabulary is not always applied with equal force. This is the danger of a democracy becoming comfortable with double standards.
India’s greatest strength has never been its uniformity. It has been its extraordinary diversity. India is not merely one religion, language, ethnicity, culture or political ideology. It is a civilization of multiple identities living within one constitutional framework. The genius of the Republic lies not in forcing everyone to become identical, but in creating space for differences to coexist with dignity.
Therefore, at 80, India should not merely ask, “How powerful have we become?” We must also ask: How free have our people become?
How equal are our citizens?
How secure are our minorities?
How protected are our indigenous communities?
How much space remains for dissent?
How seriously do we listen to political grievances?
How faithfully do we uphold constitutional freedoms?
And how willing are we to resolve conflicts through justice rather than force?
Independence should mean more than freedom from foreign rule. It should mean freedom from fear, discrimination and exclusion; freedom of conscience and worship; freedom to disagree; freedom to speak truth to power; freedom to preserve one's culture and identity; and freedom for every citizen to belong to India without surrendering the identity that makes them who they are.
India at 80 must therefore celebrate-but it must also introspect.
We must honor the soldiers who defend the nation, but also honor the citizens who seek peace. We must celebrate the national flag, but also protect the freedom of conscience beneath that flag. We must strengthen national unity, but never confuse unity with uniformity. We must protect national security, but never allow security to become an excuse for suppressing legitimate democratic aspirations.
The true test of India’s independence is not how loudly we celebrate freedom, but how generously we extend freedom to those who disagree with us.
At 80, the question before India is not whether the nation has become stronger. It undoubtedly has. The deeper question is whether India has become freer, fairer and more compassionate.
India in 1947 fought for freedom from colonial domination. India today must continue the unfinished struggle for freedom from fear, injustice, exclusion, intolerance and the abuse of power.
That is the India worth celebrating. That is the India worth building. And that is the true meaning of Independence.
Dr. Villo Naleo