By Dr. Aditi Jain | India Science Wire
Weedsare a persistent problem for farmers. A recent assessment by the Directorate of Weed Research shows that India loses crops worth 11 billion US dollar every year to these farm intruders.
This study, published in journal Crop Protection, was carried out on 14 major crops and utilized data from 1581 on-farm research trials covering various districts of 18 states in the country. Thestudy evaluated yield loses in three types of field plots - plots where weeds are leftuncontrolled; where weeds are managed by manual or mechanical weeding practice and plots where weed control was done by both manual weeding and herbicide application.
Although, the yield loss due to weeds differs with location, soil type and crop but collectively the yield lossesare seen the highest in groundnut and soybean, while economic losses are the highest for wheat and rice.
The problem is projected to further aggravate with climate change as weeds can better adapt to temperature fluctuations than crop plants.Weeds, unlike crop plants,are sturdy and can grow in a wide range of climatic conditions and soil types. They produce anastounding number of seeds which are often light in weight and are carried by wind to near and far away destinations helping them to readily colonize a barren land or an already established field. Weeds are not only ecology destroyers but are a serious health hazard too.
“In climate change scenario, there will be difficulty in terms of untimely rains, hardy temperature conditions, and extremes of weather. In any case, weeds are hardier than crop plants, as while humans breed crops, nature breeds weeds. So, weeds will be more tolerant to any climate aberrations”, explained Kapila S. Rathore, senior scientist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
While farmers use herbicides - chemicals to eliminate weeds- research suggests that rise in the temperature can increase volatility of herbicides rendering them ineffective to act and kill the weeds. Adding to the plight of farmers is the problem of resistance caused by extended and overuse of herbicides.
Parthenium, which is popularly believed to have reached Indiaalong with wheat import during famines of 1950s has not only covered roadsides and fields but also led to allergies in humans. Likewise, water hyacinth competes with marine organisms for nutrients and light and is aserious threat to the fishery industry.
Prevention challenge
Weed control is particularly difficult as the strategies which intend to kill weeds also harm crop plants. Traditionally famers have used manual pulling or with tools like weeders. However,manualpulling is increasingly getting replaced with other techniques, mainly due to high labor costs. Currently, most farmers do manual weeding in combination with herbicide application to overcome the weed menace.
AsiaPacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN), which is a cooperative alliance of the 33 member countries in the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, a statutory body of the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organisation, lays stress on practices such asuse of weed-free certified seeds, ensuring clean harvesting equipment and applicationof pre-sowing herbicides in thefield to prevent weed germination. Scientists advocate that land should not be left uncovered and that plants like”Dhaincha”,which also act as green manure, be grown in between two seasons and in between the crop rows to prevent emergence of weeds.
Studies have shown that agricultural practices such as growing dissimilar crops together (intercropping) or one after the other(crop rotation) help by disrupting the adaptation of weeds to a particular crop and field. Further, early and high-density sowing, narrow row width and use of cultivars that grow rapidly and cover the land have been shown to help suppress weed growth. A study reported in Indian Journal of Weed Science shows that combination of early sowing of quicker growing wheat varieties significantly smothered a major weed, Phalaris minor.
Another potential solution isuse of bio-herbicides - herbicides based or derived from plants, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and nematodes. They promise tospecifically kill the weed without causing harm to humans and environment. One of the success stories of biological control was seen in Khairi village of Madhya Pradesh where Mexican beetlewas released to eliminate gajarghaas. In a similar attempt,exotic weevils which specifically eat leaves and petioles of Water hyacinth were left in a pond. This experiment was also successful.
Several plants such as barley, rye, annual ryegrass, buckwheat, oats, sorghum, sudan sorghum hybrids, alfalfa, wheat, red clover, and sunflower have been found to display allelopathy- a process where they exudate a chemical in soil that does not allow any other plant to grow near them. They can also be used to suppress weed growth. Also, the aqueous extracts from several plants such as cogongrass, sacrificial grass, Kleberg bluestem, and Johnson grass suppress the growth of weeds. Currently, seventeen mycoherbicides—herbicides based on fungus—have been registered across the globe.
However, not many bio-herbicides are being deployed. “Bio-herbicides are advantageous as they do not have any residue like chemicals. They are target specific and generally are end-user friendly,” pointed out Dr. SanjaiSaxena, professor at Thapar University, Patiala who holds apatent for bio-herbicide for Lantana camara, parthenium and water hyacinth. However, he said, in India hardly any bio-herbicide has been deployed.
Research focused on better understanding of biology and weed ecology can help in devising strategies for their removal. Further, identification and use of crop cultivars which are early sowing, or exhibit allelopathy can tackle the problem. It is also a need of the hour to identify or develop herbicide tolerant crops to reduce the herbicide pollution. The potential of application of eco-friendly bio-herbicides to evade the weed issue also needs to be examined.
Experts also stressed the need to educate and communicate to the farmers about sustainable agriculture practices as well as methods for weed removallike increasing crop density, practicing crop rotation and intercropping.“Farmers are aware about the presence of parthenium but do not know about its poisonous nature. We do hold awareness campaigns on effective management of this weed, but our outreach is limited as no special fund is allotted for this programme,” commented Dr. Debasis Mishra, senior scientist at KrishiVigyan Kendra in Odisha.
